We have also updated the discussion of the phenomenology of isospin-breaking effects in the light meson sector, and their relation to quark masses, with a lattice-centric discussion. In addition, the section on up and down quark masses has been largely rewritten, replacing previous estimates for \(m_u\), \(m_d\), and the mass ratios R and Q that were largely phenomenological with those from lattice QED QCD calculations. More specifically, we report on the determination of the light-quark masses, the form factor \(f_ (0)\) arising in the semileptonic \(K \rightarrow \pi \) transition at zero momentum transfer, as well as the decay constant ratio \(f_K/f_\pi \) and its consequences for the CKM matrix elements \(V_\), for searches for new physics in neutron decays and other processes, and for dark matter searches. We review lattice results related to pion, kaon, D-meson, B-meson, and nucleon physics with the aim of making them easily accessible to the nuclear and particle physics communities.
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